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Team goals by time of action

Flavio Leccese

2024-03-30

Source: vignettes/articles/team-goals-by-time.Rmd
team-goals-by-time.Rmd

Goal

We want to create a chart for each team showing the field-goals percentage and overall attempts by time period of action.

Periods are Opening (from second 1 to 6), Early (6 to 12), Late (12 to 18) and Ending (18 to 24). Second opportunities are not included.

Data can be obtained through getPlayByPlay function.

Note that results may be slightly incorrect since some events are not traced by Euroleague (such as foot interference and similia), so that sometimes clock reset is unknown.

Resulted plot can be found at the bottom of this page.

Setup 

library(euroleaguer)
library(tidyr)
library(dplyr)
library(ggplot2)
library(ggtext)
library(showtext)
library(ggimage)
library(glue)
library(geomtextpath)

# Add Lato font (Euroleague official font)
font_add_google("Lato", "Lato")
font_add_google("Inconsolata", "Inconsolata")

# Add Font Awesome for logos
font_add(family = "Font Awesome 6 Brands",
         regular = "figures/fa-brands-400.ttf")
showtext_opts(dpi = 200)
showtext_auto()

Data 

CompetitionRounds <- getCompetitionRounds("E2023") %>%
  filter(Sys.Date() >= MaxGameStartDate)

MaxRound <- max(CompetitionRounds$Round)
MaxGameDate <- format(as.Date(max(CompetitionRounds$MaxGameStartDate)), 
                     '%d %b %Y')

CompetitionStandings <- getCompetitionStandings("E2023", MaxRound)
CompetitionGames <- getCompetitionGames("E2023", CompetitionRounds$Round) %>% 
  filter(Status == "result")

PlayByPlay <- getGamePlayByPlay("E2023", CompetitionGames$GameCode)$PlayByPlay

Data for plot 

PlayByPlay = PlayByPlay %>% 
  mutate(Minutes = sub("\\:.*", "", Markertime) %>% as.numeric(),
         Seconds = sub(".*\\:", "", Markertime) %>% as.numeric(),
         Markertime = (600 - (Minutes*60 + Seconds)) %>% 
           ifelse(PlayType %in% c("EP", "EG"), 600, .) %>% 
           ifelse(PlayType == "BP", 0, .),
         PlayInfo = gsub("\\s*\\([^\\)]+\\)", "", PlayInfo),
         Possession = case_when(PlayType %in% c("BP", "TO", "CM", "FV") ~ lead(TeamCode, 1),
                                PlayType %in% c("JB", "2PM", "3PM", "D", "O", "2PA", "3PA", "AS", "ST", "AG", "RV", "FTA", "FTM", "OF") ~ TeamCode,
                                PlayType %in% c("EG", "EP") ~ lag(TeamCode, 1),
                                TRUE ~ NA),
         SecondChance = case_when(PlayType %in% c("O") ~ 1,
                                  TRUE ~ 0)) %>% 
  arrange(GameCode, Quarter, Markertime) %>%
  fill(Possession) %>% 
  group_by(GameCode, Quarter) %>%
  mutate(PossessionId = cumsum(ifelse(Possession == lag(Possession, 1, ""), 0, 1)),
         Markertime_lag = lag(Markertime, 1, 0)) %>%
  group_by(GameCode, Quarter, PossessionId) %>% 
  mutate(Chance = cumsum(SecondChance) + 1) %>% ungroup() %>% 
  group_by(GameCode, Quarter) %>%
  mutate(PossessionId = cumsum(ifelse(Possession == lag(Possession, 1, "") &
                                        Chance == lag(Chance, 1, 0), 0, 1))) %>% 
  ungroup() %>%
  group_by(GameCode, Quarter, PossessionId) %>%
  mutate(ActionStart = min(Markertime_lag, na.rm = TRUE), 
         ActionEnd = max(Markertime),
         ActionMarker = Markertime - ActionStart) %>%
  ungroup() %>% 
  fill(ActionStart, .direction = "down") %>% 
  fill(ActionEnd, .direction = "up") %>% 
  select(GameCode, Quarter, Markertime, ActionMarker, TeamCode, PlayType, PlayInfo, 
         PossessionId, ActionStart, ActionEnd, Possession, Chance)  %>%
  left_join(CompetitionStandings %>%
              select(TeamCode, TeamName, TeamImagesCrest, Position),
            by = "TeamCode") %>%
  arrange(Position) %>%
  mutate(TeamName = glue("{TeamName} #{Position}")) %>%
  mutate(TeamName = factor(TeamName, levels = unique(.$TeamName)))


Goals = PlayByPlay %>%
  filter(PlayType %in% c("2PM", "3PM", "2PA", "3PA"),
         ActionMarker < 24,
         Chance == 1) %>% 
  mutate(GoalValue =  gsub('\\D+','', PlayType),
         MissedMade = ifelse(grepl("PA", PlayType), "Missed", "Made"),
         ActionMarker = cut(ActionMarker, include.lowest = TRUE, 
                            breaks = seq(0, 24, 6))) %>%
  group_by(TeamName, ActionMarker, GoalValue, MissedMade) %>% 
  summarise(Count = n(), .groups = "drop") %>% 
  group_by(TeamName,  ActionMarker, GoalValue) %>% 
  mutate(TotalCount = sum(Count)) %>% ungroup() %>% 
  mutate(MaxCount = max(TotalCount)) %>% ungroup() %>% 
  pivot_wider(names_from = MissedMade, values_from = Count, values_fill = 0) %>% 
  mutate(Missed = Missed/MaxCount %>% ifelse(GoalValue == 3, -1*., .),
         Made = Made/MaxCount %>% ifelse(GoalValue == 3, -1*., .)) %>% 
  pivot_longer(cols = c("Missed", "Made"), names_to = "MissedMade", values_to = "Percentage") %>%
  mutate(MissedMade = factor(MissedMade, levels = c("Missed", "Made")))

Labels = Goals %>% 
  group_by(TeamName,  ActionMarker, GoalValue) %>% 
  mutate(y = sum(Percentage)) %>% ungroup() %>% 
  filter(MissedMade == "Made") %>%
  mutate(Percent = scales::percent_format(accuracy = 0.01)(abs(Percentage/y)),
         Label = ifelse(GoalValue == 2, 
                        glue("{TotalCount}\n{Percent}"), 
                        glue("{Percent}\n{TotalCount}"))) %>% 
  select(TeamName, ActionMarker, y, Label, GoalValue)

Image for plot 

TeamImage <- PlayByPlay %>%
  filter(!is.na(TeamImagesCrest)) %>%
  distinct(TeamName, TeamImagesCrest) %>% 
  mutate(x = 1, y = 1.05)

Title, subtitle and caption 

PlotTitle <- glue(
  "<span style = 'font-size: 32px'>Team 2 and 3 goals by action time</span><br>
  <span style = 'font-size: 20px'>All teams | Up to round {MaxRound} | {MaxGameDate}</span>")

PlotSubtitle <- glue(
  "<span><img src = 'figures/euroleague-logo-vertical.png'
  height='50'></span>")

PlotCaption <- glue(
  "<span>Visualization with </span>
  <span style = 'font-family:\"Inconsolata\";'>R</span>
  <span>and</span>
  <span style = 'font-family:\"Inconsolata\";'>ggplot2</span>
  <span>by Flavio Leccese |</span>
  <span style = 'font-family:\"Font Awesome 6 Brands\";'>&#xf09b;</span>
  <span>flavioleccese92</span>
  <span style = 'font-family:\"Font Awesome 6 Brands\";'>&#xf08c;</span>
  <span>flavioleccese</span>")

Plot 

# Initialize
e <- Goals %>%
  ggplot(aes(x = as.numeric(ActionMarker)))

# Draw bars of stats
e <- e +
  geom_bar(aes(y = Percentage, group = MissedMade, fill = MissedMade), colour = "#f2f2f2", stat = "identity")

# Add labels and Team image
e <- e +
  geom_text(data = Labels %>% filter(GoalValue == 2), vjust = -0.2, size = 3, color = "#404040",
            aes(x = as.numeric(ActionMarker), y = y, label = Label)) +
  geom_text(data = Labels %>% filter(GoalValue == 3), vjust = 1.2, size = 3, color = "#404040",
            aes(x = as.numeric(ActionMarker), y = y, label = Label)) +
  geom_image(data = TeamImage, aes(y = y, x = x, image = TeamImagesCrest), size = 0.18,
             image_fun = function(img) { magick::image_crop(img) })

# Facet by team + general theme setting
e <- e +
  scale_fill_manual(name = "Attempt", values = c("Missed" = "#C70D3A", "Made" = "#2EB086")) +
  scale_y_continuous(breaks = c(-0.1, 0.1), labels = c("3FG", "2FG"),
                     limits = c(-0.9, 1.3), position = "right") +
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = 1:4, labels = c("Opening\n1-6s", "Early\n6-12s", "Late\n12-18s", "Ending\n18-24s")) +
  facet_wrap(~ TeamName, ncol = 6) +
  theme(
    # General
    panel.grid.major = element_blank(),
    panel.grid.minor = element_blank(),
    panel.background = element_rect_round(fill = "#e2e7ea"),
    plot.background = element_rect(fill = "#f2f2f2", colour = "transparent"),
    plot.margin = margin(28, 15, 18, 15),
    text = element_text(color = "#404040", family = "Lato"),
    # Axis labels
    axis.ticks = element_blank(),
    axis.title.y = element_blank(),
    axis.text.y = element_text(hjust = 0),
    axis.title.x = element_blank(),
    axis.text.x = element_text(vjust = 0),
    # Legend
    legend.background = element_blank(),
    legend.box.background = element_blank(),
    legend.key = element_blank(),
    legend.position = 'bottom',
    legend.justification = 'left',
    legend.direction = 'horizontal',
    legend.margin = margin(25, 0, -7, 0),
    legend.box.spacing = unit(0, "pt"),
    # Title, subtitle, caption
    plot.title = element_markdown(
      lineheight = 1, size = 24, hjust = 0, vjust = 1, margin = margin(0, 0, -20, 0)),
    plot.title.position = "plot",
    plot.subtitle = element_markdown(
      hjust = 1, margin = margin(-33, 3, -50, 0)),
    plot.caption = element_markdown(
      size = 12, margin = margin(-15, 0, 0, 3)),
    plot.caption.position = "plot",
    # Facets
    strip.background = element_rect(fill = "#F47321"),
    strip.text = element_text(colour = "black", hjust = 0)
  ) +
labs(title = PlotTitle, subtitle = PlotSubtitle, caption = PlotCaption,
     x = "", y = "")

Result